{"id":11695,"date":"2023-10-18T08:18:29","date_gmt":"2023-10-18T06:18:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prague.org\/?p=11695"},"modified":"2023-10-18T08:18:33","modified_gmt":"2023-10-18T06:18:33","slug":"hussite-wars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/hussite-wars\/","title":{"rendered":"Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky: rozpl\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho konfliktu a d\u011bdictv\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byly s\u00e9ri\u00ed teologick\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch boj\u016f, kter\u00e9 vypukly v 15. stolet\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily se z \u010cesk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed (dnes \u010cesk\u00e1 republika). Ohe\u0148 t\u011bchto boj\u016f podn\u00edtilo k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed Jana Husa a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed touha po n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 reform\u011b. Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <strong>Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/strong> m\u011bly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv nejen na \u010desk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny, ale tak\u00e9 na katolickou c\u00edrkev a v\u00fdvoj n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Teologick\u00e9 reformn\u00ed ide\u00e1ly Jana Husa jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu toho.<strong> Husitsk\u00e9 <\/strong>v\u00e1lky.<strong> <\/strong>Husovo odsouzen\u00ed zka\u017eenosti katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve a jeho v\u00fdzvy k reform\u011b byly vysly\u0161eny a podpo\u0159eny zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Husova smrt z rukou Kostnick\u00e9ho koncilu v roce 1415 vyvolala n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cestovatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed o \u010desk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny, by si m\u011bli <a href=\"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/ponorte-se-do-bohate-kultury-noveho-mesta\/\">prozkoumat Newtown Prague <\/a>p\u0159i pobytu v \u010desk\u00e9m hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b. Jedn\u00e1 se o historick\u00e9 m\u00edsto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-origins-of-hussitism\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Po\u010d\u00e1tky husitstv\u00ed&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ud\u00e1losti vedly ke zrodu <strong>Husitstv\u00ed<\/strong>. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"the-execution-of-jan-hus\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Poprava Jana Husa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edn\u00ed reform\u00e1tor a vyzyvatel katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve odstartoval konflikty v roce 1415. Jeho zabit\u00ed vyvolalo protesty a vol\u00e1n\u00ed po spravedlnosti a zm\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"hussite-beliefs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Husitsk\u00e1 v\u00edra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Stoupenci Jana Husa, zn\u00e1m\u00ed jako <strong>Husit\u00e9<\/strong>, byly siln\u011b motivov\u00e1ny v\u00edrou ve spisy Jana Husa. Prosazovali v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Bible v m\u00edstn\u00edm jazyce, ukon\u010den\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed korupce a zaveden\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed pod oboj\u00ed zp\u016fsobou (j\u00eddlo a v\u00edno) pro laiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"religious-and-political-conflict\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a politick\u00fd konflikt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi katolickou c\u00edrkv\u00ed a Svatou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edmskou vypukly v\u00e1lky, proto\u017ee jejich n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a z\u00e1jmy husit\u016f se rozch\u00e1zely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-beliefs-and-principles-of-the-hussite-religion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00edra a z\u00e1sady husitsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div data-gyg-href=\"https:\/\/widget.getyourguide.com\/default\/activities.frame\" data-gyg-locale-code=\"en-US\" data-gyg-widget=\"activities\" data-gyg-number-of-items=\"3\" data-gyg-partner-id=\"U94OQGQ\" data-gyg-q=\"prague%20war\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Husitsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed <\/strong>a hodnoty, kter\u00e9 ho odli\u0161ovaly od ortodoxn\u00edho katolicismu a formovaly evropskou v\u00edru. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 husitsk\u00e9 my\u0161lenky a z\u00e1sady:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"biblical-authority\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biblick\u00e1 autorita<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Stejn\u011b jako Jan Hus i husit\u00e9 ctili Bibli jako kone\u010dnou autoritu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch pravd. Postavili se proti tomu, aby \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00e1 c\u00edrkev dr\u017eela nadvl\u00e1du nad v\u00fdkladem P\u00edsma a zp\u0159\u00edstupnila Bibli v\u0161em v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm v jejich rodn\u00e9m jazyce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"communion-under-both-kinds\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spole\u010denstv\u00ed pod oboj\u00ed zp\u016fsobou<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm principem husitstv\u00ed byl \"utrakvismus\". Husit\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee laici maj\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edmat eucharistick\u00fd chl\u00e9b a v\u00edno. P\u0159edstavovalo to u\u017e\u0161\u00ed vztah mezi v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi a Bohem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"avoid-indulgences\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vyhn\u011bte se odpustk\u016fm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jan Hus u\u010dil husity vyh\u00fdbat se odpustk\u016fm. Domn\u00edvali se, \u017ee ke sp\u00e1se sta\u010d\u00ed v\u00edra, pok\u00e1n\u00ed a skute\u010dn\u00fd vztah s Bohem, nikoli c\u00edrkevn\u00ed odpustky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"simplicity-in-worship\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jednoduchost v uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <strong>Husitsk\u00e1 v\u00edra<\/strong> byla srozumiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e slo\u017eit\u00e9 postupy \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve. Bohoslu\u017eby se konaly v rodn\u00e9m jazyce, nikoli v latin\u011b, aby byly p\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed laik\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"moral-integrity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed integrita<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <strong>Husit\u00e9<\/strong>, stejn\u011b jako Jan Hus, cht\u011bj\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed kn\u011b\u017eskou mor\u00e1lku a zbo\u017enost. Odsuzovali korupci a pokrytectv\u00ed katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve a usilovali o duchovn\u011bji zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 a \u010destn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed duchovenstvo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"resistance-to-papal-authority\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Odpor proti pape\u017esk\u00e9 autorit\u011b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <strong>Husit\u00e9<\/strong> se postavil proti nad\u0159azenosti pape\u017ee a c\u00edrkevn\u00ed hierarchii moci. Cht\u011bli v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed autonomii pro \u010deskou c\u00edrkev a stav\u011bli se proti \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00e9 centralizaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"national-identity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e1rodn\u00ed identita<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Husitstv\u00ed<\/strong> pomohl \u010cech\u016fm c\u00edtit hrdost na sv\u016fj n\u00e1rod. Symbolizovala \u010desk\u00fd odpor k vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vliv\u016fm, zejm\u00e9na ke katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"hussite-factions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Husitsk\u00e9 frakce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Husitsk\u00e9 hnut\u00ed m\u011blo mnoho frakc\u00ed s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi n\u00e1zory a postupy. Utrakvist\u00e9 prosazovali um\u00edrn\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, zat\u00edmco t\u00e1borit\u00e9 byli extr\u00e9mn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a prosazovali komunitn\u00ed \u017eivot a p\u0159erozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed majetku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-outbreak-of-the-hussite-wars\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vypuknut\u00ed husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bhem husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek se rozli\u0161uje n\u011bkolik obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"the-first-crusade\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Husit\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci, v jejich\u017e \u010dele st\u00e1li lid\u00e9 jako Jan Ika a Prokop Velik\u00fd, se b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy (1419-1424) postavili bojuj\u00edc\u00edm vojsk\u016fm vyslan\u00fdm katolickou c\u00edrkv\u00ed. Do pop\u0159ed\u00ed se dostaly dv\u011b velk\u00e9 skupiny s v\u00fdraznou teologickou a politickou orientac\u00ed, t\u00e1borit\u00e9 a utrakvist\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"the-compact-of-prague\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pra\u017esk\u00e1 smlouva<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V roce 1436 podepsaly v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00ed strany Pra\u017eskou dohodu, kter\u00e1 stanovila do\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed a ukon\u010dila nejhor\u0161\u00ed boje t\u00edm, \u017ee utrakvist\u016fm poskytla zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fastupky. Bylo dosa\u017eeno svobody vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed a ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159ijet\u00ed utrakvistick\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"subsequent-conflicts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e1sledn\u00e9 konflikty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Navzdory smlouv\u011b se znovu objevilo nap\u011bt\u00ed a husitsk\u00e9 frakce mezi sebou bojovaly (1434-1437). S bojem n\u011bkolika skupin o vl\u00e1du se zv\u00fd\u0161ila nestabilita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konec otev\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00e1lky: Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky ofici\u00e1ln\u011b skon\u010dily v roce 1437, ale n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 konflikty z\u016fstaly vysok\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed pot\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h3-the-hussite-war-wagons\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">H3: Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vozy&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159evratn\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 inovace <strong>Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vozy<\/strong> (neboli husitsk\u00fd Wagenburg, \u010desky Bojov\u00fd Wagenburg) byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny husitsk\u00fdmi vojsky b\u011bhem husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek v 15. stolet\u00ed. V dob\u011b, kdy husit\u00e9 bojovali proti Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 a katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi, byly tyto v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vozy nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jejich v\u00fdzbroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vozy<\/strong> pou\u017eily tyto sou\u010d\u00e1sti ve sv\u00e9 konstrukci:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Obrann\u00e1 struktura: Husitsk\u00e1<\/strong> V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vozy byly vlastn\u011b poj\u00edzdn\u00e1 opevn\u011bn\u00ed, tak\u017ee se mohly br\u00e1nit. Byly postaveny s ohledem na obranu, aby jejich obyvatel\u00e9 byli v bezpe\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed \u00fatokem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 opevn\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong>D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 r\u00e1my a st\u011bny voz\u016f slou\u017eily jako pevn\u00e9 opevn\u011bn\u00ed. Masivn\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 prkna, kter\u00e1 podp\u00edrala boky voz\u016f, je \u010dinila mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi p\u0159ed \u0161\u00edpy, o\u0161t\u011bpy a dal\u0161\u00edmi st\u0159elami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Taktika:<\/strong>Na obranu v boji se vozy se\u0159adily do kruhu a vytvo\u0159ily \"Wagenburg\". Husit\u0161t\u00ed mu\u017ei se mohli p\u0159ed nep\u0159\u00e1telskou palbou ukr\u00fdt uvnit\u0159 voz\u016f a v t\u00e9to pozici nad\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvat sv\u00e9 pu\u0161ky a d\u011blost\u0159electvo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdzbroj: <\/strong>Na v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch vozech byly namontov\u00e1ny ran\u00e9 paln\u00e9 zbran\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad ru\u010dn\u00ed d\u011bla a arkebuzy. Obranu husit\u016f posilovalo d\u011blost\u0159electvo, kter\u00e9 jim umo\u017e\u0148ovalo l\u00e9pe odol\u00e1vat \u00fatok\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mobilita:<\/strong> Proto\u017ee vozy m\u011bly kola, mohly se snadno pohybovat po boji\u0161ti. Husit\u00e9 mohli vozy p\u0159esunout na nov\u00e9 m\u00edsto, pokud to situace vy\u017eadovala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-legacy-of-the-hussite-wars\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Odkaz husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"religious-reform\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 reforma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byly druhem n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 reformy, kter\u00e1 prob\u011bhla p\u0159ed protestantskou reformac\u00ed a n\u011bkdy se uv\u00e1d\u00ed jako jej\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdce. Protestantsk\u00e9 hodnoty, jako je zapojen\u00ed laik\u016f do eucharistie a p\u0159ijet\u00ed lidov\u00e9ho jazyka, lze vysledovat a\u017e k ran\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm tradic\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"bohemian-identity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cesk\u00e1 identita<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti p\u0159isp\u011bly k rozvoji siln\u00e9ho pocitu n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hrdosti a jedine\u010dn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 identity. Pokud \u0161lo o ochranu v\u00edry a zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota, husit\u00e9 se pova\u017eovali za ochr\u00e1nce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"impact-on-europe\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dopad na Evropu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V d\u016fsledku husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek se debata o c\u00edrkevn\u00ed reform\u011b a \u00fa\u010dasti laik\u016f na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ob\u0159adech v Evrop\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila i mimo \u010cechy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"enduring-religioustraditions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Trval\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Utrakvistick\u00e1 c\u00edrkev, zalo\u017een\u00e1 b\u011bhem husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek, p\u0159etrvala stalet\u00ed a stala se ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<a href=\"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/prozkoumejte-bohatou-prazskou-historii\/\"> Bohat\u00e1 kultura Prahy.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-gyg-href=\"https:\/\/widget.getyourguide.com\/default\/city.frame\" data-gyg-location-id=\"10\" data-gyg-locale-code=\"en-US\" data-gyg-widget=\"city\" data-gyg-partner-id=\"U94OQGQ\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byly s\u00e9ri\u00ed teologick\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch boj\u016f, kter\u00e9 vypukly v 15. stolet\u00ed a...","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11696,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204,15,39],"tags":[49],"table_tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11695"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11695"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11695\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11697,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11695\/revisions\/11697"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11696"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11695"},{"taxonomy":"table_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/table_tags?post=11695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}