{"id":12903,"date":"2024-02-28T09:42:28","date_gmt":"2024-02-28T07:42:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prague.org\/?p=12903"},"modified":"2024-03-18T17:03:19","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T15:03:19","slug":"czech-immigration-to-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/czech-immigration-to-america\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010cesk\u00e1 stopa v Americe: Historie a odkaz \u010desk\u00e9 imigrace"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do Ameriky<\/strong> p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 historie obou zem\u00ed. Od poloviny devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti se p\u0159\u00edliv migrant\u016f do t\u011bchto zem\u00ed projevuje v podob\u011b \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci do Ameriky <\/strong>zanechaly trvalou stopu v soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, kulturn\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 struktu\u0159e n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K \u010desk\u00e9mu p\u016fvodu se hl\u00e1s\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 1,5 milionu Ameri\u010dan\u016f a \u010desko-americk\u00e1 komunita v USA dnes vzkv\u00e9t\u00e1. Festivaly na po\u010dest \u010desk\u00e9 kultury a historie se konaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad v Clevelandu ve st\u00e1t\u011b Ohio (\u010cesk\u00fd a slovensk\u00fd festival) nebo ve Wilberu ve st\u00e1t\u011b Nebraska (N\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd festival).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u011bhem \u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do USA<\/strong>, p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci si pro\u0161li mnoh\u00fdm, ale navzdory tomu vytrvali a vytvo\u0159ili si novou identitu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se dr\u017eeli sv\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Jejich p\u0159\u00edklad vytrvalosti a nad\u011bje na nov\u00fd \u017eivot v Americe potvrzuje prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010desko-americk\u00e1 komunita, kterou pomohli vybudovat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed vlny \u010desk\u00e9 imigrace do Ameriky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Americk\u00e9
Americk\u00e9 dolary<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed se do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f p\u0159ist\u011bhovalo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010cech\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed zde hledali lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot uprost\u0159ed politick\u00fdch p\u0159evrat\u016f, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V polovin\u011b devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed za\u010dal do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f p\u0159ich\u00e1zet velk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edliv \u010desk\u00fdch p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f. Usazovali se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na St\u0159edoz\u00e1pad\u011b, zejm\u00e9na v m\u00edstech jako Iowa, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois a Wisconsin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e1kadlo nedot\u010den\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, osobn\u00ed svobody a neomezen\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed zl\u00e1kalo tyto prvn\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 pr\u016fkopn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed polo\u017eili z\u00e1klady prosperuj\u00edc\u00edch pohrani\u010dn\u00edch m\u011bst a nav\u017edy zm\u011bnili tv\u00e1\u0159 americk\u00e9ho St\u0159edoz\u00e1padu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u016fvody p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed \u010cech\u016f do USA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkolik historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a trend\u016f ovlivnilo \u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do USA<\/strong>. Mezi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 d\u016fvody, pro\u010d \u010ce\u0161i emigrovali do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0158ada \u010desk\u00fdch rodin ode\u0161la za lep\u0161\u00edmi finan\u010dn\u00edmi mo\u017enostmi do USA kv\u016fli ekonomick\u00fdm pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edm a omezen\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed mobilit\u011b. Do Ameriky se p\u0159ist\u011bhovaly za prac\u00ed a finan\u010dn\u00edm zabezpe\u010den\u00edm, aby unikly b\u00edd\u011b, nezam\u011bstnanosti a pozemkov\u00fdm omezen\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 svoboda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k diskriminaci a pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed protestant\u016f a husit\u016f<\/a>,\u010detn\u00ed \u010de\u0161t\u00ed emigranti uprchli do USA. Ameriku si vybrali pro jej\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou svobodu a p\u0159ijet\u00ed, kde mohli bez pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vyzn\u00e1vat svou v\u00edru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politick\u00e9 nepokoje<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Revoluce, v\u00e1lky a diktatury vedly k tomu. \u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do Ameriky<\/strong>. Politi\u010dt\u00ed disidenti a aktivist\u00e9 ut\u00edkali do Ameriky za lep\u0161\u00edmi politick\u00fdmi svobodami a demokratick\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozemkov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalce do USA, zejm\u00e9na v 19. stolet\u00ed, p\u0159itahovala p\u016fda. \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed farm\u00e1\u0159i a venkov\u0161t\u00ed osadn\u00edci hledali na St\u0159edoz\u00e1pad\u011b a Z\u00e1pad\u011b mo\u017enosti, jak zalo\u017eit nov\u00fd \u017eivot pro sv\u00e9 rodiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Industrializace a urbanizace<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci na\u0161li pr\u00e1ci v tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, dolech, ml\u00fdnech a dal\u0161\u00edch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch na konci 19. a na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy se v USA rozr\u016fstal pr\u016fmysl a m\u011bstsk\u00e9 oblasti. Hledali pr\u00e1ci a lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky v Chicagu, New Yorku a Clevelandu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slou\u010den\u00ed rodiny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mnoho \u010desk\u00fdch p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f se cht\u011blo p\u0159ipojit k p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm v USA. Mnoho p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f se vydalo do Ameriky, aby se shledali s rodinou a za\u010dali nov\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

USA nab\u00edzely vzd\u011blanostn\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed mobilitu, kterou \u010cesk\u00e1 republika postr\u00e1dala. \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci vid\u011bli v americk\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017enost, jak zlep\u0161it sv\u00e9 vyhl\u00eddky a vyhl\u00eddky sv\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dat\u011bk p\u0159ed odvodem a vojenskou povinnost\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u010de\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci emigrovali do USA, aby se vyhnuli rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 nebo \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b. Lid\u00e9 hledali \u00fanik p\u0159ed vojensk\u00fdmi z\u00e1vazky v z\u00e1mo\u0159\u00ed, proto\u017ee brann\u00e1 povinnost byla tvrd\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oblasti os\u00eddlen\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f v USA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

D\u00edky ekonomick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostem, kulturn\u00edm vazb\u00e1m a p\u0159ist\u011bhovaleck\u00fdm komunit\u00e1m byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 regiony obl\u00edben\u00fdmi destinacemi pro p\u0159ist\u011bhovalce. \u010ceskoslovensko <\/strong>lid\u00e9  p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do Ameriky<\/strong>. Mezi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 s\u00eddla pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

St\u0159edoz\u00e1pad: <\/strong>\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli do Chicaga, Clevelandu a Cedar Rapids za prac\u00ed v pr\u016fmyslu, masokombin\u00e1tech a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. \u010cesk\u00e1 kultura vzkv\u00e9tala v chicagsk\u00e9 Plzni a oma\u017esk\u00e9 Mal\u00e9 \u010cechii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nebraska:<\/strong> Omaha a Wilber byly v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi osadami \u010desk\u00fdch p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f. Oma\u017esk\u00fd masokombin\u00e1t a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed ve Wilberu nab\u00edzely pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta a kulturu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Texas:<\/strong> \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci p\u0159isp\u011bli k rozkv\u011btu Houstonu, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a obchodu. \u010ce\u0161i se usadili v houstonsk\u00e9 \u010dtvrti East End.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New York:<\/strong> \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci se navzdory mal\u00e9mu po\u010dtu usadili v manhattansk\u00fdch \u010dtvrt\u00edch Upper East Side, jako je Yorkville. Vznikaly kulturn\u00ed a spole\u010densk\u00e9 kluby, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly za c\u00edl zachovat \u010deskou kulturu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pensylv\u00e1nie:<\/strong> \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci se v Pittsburghu a p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch oblastech usazovali v ocel\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, uheln\u00fdch dolech a ve v\u00fdrob\u011b. V South Side Slopes vzkv\u00e9tal \u010desk\u00fd komunitn\u00ed \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed dnes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomick\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, politick\u00e1 situace a rodinn\u00e9 vazby nad\u00e1le ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do USA.<\/strong> A\u010dkoli tok \u010cesk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do Ameriky<\/strong> zpomalil, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jednotlivci a rodiny se z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f st\u00e1le st\u011bhuj\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 probl\u00e9my \u010desk\u00e9ho p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomick\u00e1 migrace<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Siln\u00e1 ekonomika a \u0161irok\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce v USA vyb\u00edzej\u00ed \u010cechy k pr\u00e1ci nebo podnik\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdzkum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed studenti a akademi\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci emigruj\u00ed do USA za \u00fa\u010delem vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho studia nebo v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slou\u010den\u00ed rodiny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci se i \u010desk\u00e9 rodiny st\u011bhuj\u00ed do USA, aby se znovu setkaly s p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bna a cestovn\u00ed ruch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010ce\u0161i nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed USA za \u00fa\u010delem turistiky, kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny nebo do\u010dasn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Tyto n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016fm poznat americkou kulturu, z\u00edskat nov\u00e9 pohledy a popov\u00eddat si nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kulturami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u010dasn\u00e9 a sez\u00f3nn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00edzum H-1B pro kvalifikovan\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky a v\u00edzum J-1 pro \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky kulturn\u00edch v\u00fdm\u011bn umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdm \u010desk\u00fdm ob\u010dan\u016fm do\u010dasn\u011b pracovat v USA. Sez\u00f3nn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, pohostinstv\u00ed a cestovn\u00edm ruchu p\u0159itahuj\u00ed pracovn\u00ed migranty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u011bdictv\u00ed a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 kultury<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee Imigrace z \u010ceskoslovenska do Ameriky<\/strong>, \u010desko-americk\u00e9 komunity se sna\u017eily zachovat \u010cesk\u00e1 kultura a tradice<\/a>. I tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f od sv\u00e9ho rodi\u0161t\u011b si \u010de\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci a jejich potomci uchovali a oslavuj\u00ed svou kulturu. Zde je n\u011bkolik zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak si USA zachovaly a ct\u00ed \u010deskou kulturu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n