{"id":13486,"date":"2024-05-29T11:28:20","date_gmt":"2024-05-29T09:28:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prague.org\/?p=13486"},"modified":"2024-05-29T11:28:24","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T09:28:24","slug":"czech-innovations-and-inventions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/czech-innovations-and-inventions\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010cesk\u00e9 inovace a slavn\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnily sv\u011bt"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159i p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed o inovac\u00edch, slavn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy<\/strong> nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b va\u0161eho seznamu. P\u0159esto tato zem\u011b ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b vytvo\u0159ila n\u011bkolik p\u0159evratn\u00fdch inovac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnily sv\u011bt. Tyto str\u00e1nky slavn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy <\/strong>od n\u00e1poj\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ichni miluj\u00ed, a\u017e po \u017eivot zachra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9<\/a> n\u00e1stroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika je sice mal\u00e1 zem\u011b, ale ve sv\u00e9 historii v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovala sv\u011btov\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek ukazuje, \u017ee Praha a okoln\u00ed zem\u011b byly domovem mnoha vynikaj\u00edc\u00edch lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bli k rozvoji r\u016fzn\u00fdch obor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdtvor m\u00e1 fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed informace o pozad\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b jeho inspirace, v\u00fdzev, kter\u00e9 mu p\u0159edch\u00e1zely, a osobnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly ochotny d\u00e1t v\u0161e, aby se stal skute\u010dnost\u00ed. Tyto str\u00e1nky nejlep\u0161\u00ed vyn\u00e1lezy v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice<\/strong> byli vyzbrojeni oddanost\u00ed a trp\u011blivost\u00ed, ale spole\u010dnost se na n\u011b kv\u016fli tomu \u010dasto d\u00edvala svrchu. Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 inovace vznikly n\u00e1hodou, jin\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1valy dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00e9 debaty o tom, kdo je za n\u011b zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika, zem\u011b vyn\u00e1lez\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika zanechala nesmazatelnou stopu ve sv\u011btov\u00e9 kreativit\u011b \u0159adou revolu\u010dn\u00edch objev\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed vyn\u00e1lezci projevili mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou vynal\u00e9zavost a p\u0159edstavivost a vytvo\u0159ili v\u0161e od l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch inovac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnily \u017eivot, jako jsou kontaktn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky, a\u017e po b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed pot\u0159eby, jako je kostka cukru. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyto str\u00e1nky slavn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy <\/strong>ukazuj\u00ed v\u00fdznam podpory v\u00fdzkumu a tvo\u0159ivosti, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1rove\u0148 ocen\u011bn\u00edm role \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky ve sv\u011btov\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u00e1 dlouhou historii vynal\u00e9zavosti a tato tradice bude \u017e\u00edt d\u00e1l v podob\u011b inspirace pro budouc\u00ed generace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7 slavn\u00fdch \u010desk\u00fdch vyn\u00e1lez\u016f, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1te <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed inov\u00e1to\u0159i v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bli ke v\u0161emu od v\u011bdeck\u00fdch objev\u016f a\u017e po ka\u017edodenn\u00ed vymo\u017eenosti. Pod\u00edvejme se na Seznam \u010desk\u00fdch vyn\u00e1lez\u016f a objev\u016f<\/strong> prok\u00e1zat svou vynal\u00e9zavost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Kontaktn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Soft kontaktn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky <\/strong>vynalezen\u00e9 Otto Wichterlem v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b byly revolu\u010dn\u00ed. Tato inovace zm\u011bnila p\u00e9\u010di o zrak, usnadnila a zjednodu\u0161ila korekci zraku milion\u016fm lid\u00ed a odstartovala dne\u0161n\u00ed odv\u011btv\u00ed kontaktn\u00edch \u010do\u010dek, kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1le inovuje pomoc\u00ed nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a technologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kontaktn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. Semtex<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00fd chemik Stanislav Brebera vymyslel Semtex<\/strong>, pru\u017en\u00e9 plastick\u00e9 trhaviny, v 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 stabilit\u011b a \u00fa\u010dinnosti je Semtex obl\u00edben\u00fd pro vojensk\u00e9 a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b demolic a t\u011b\u017eby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Kostka cukru<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1843 \u0158editel da\u010dick\u00e9ho cukrovaru Jakub Kry\u0161tof Rad vynalezl kostka cukru<\/strong>, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsobil revoluci v kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. P\u0159ed t\u00edmto pr\u016flomem se cukr prod\u00e1val v objemn\u00fdch bloc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se musely fyzicky l\u00e1mat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kostky cukru<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4. Automobil \u0160koda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0160koda Auto je renomovan\u00e1 evropsk\u00e1 automobilka, kterou v roce 1895 zalo\u017eili V\u00e1clav Laurin a V\u00e1clav Klement. \u0160koda, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 sv\u00fdm in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00edm a designem, za\u010d\u00ednala s v\u00fdrobou j\u00edzdn\u00edch kol a motocykl\u016f, ne\u017e p\u0159e\u0161la k v\u00fdrob\u011b automobil\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
V\u016fz vyroben\u00fd spole\u010dnost\u00ed \u0160koda<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5. Koncept robot\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00fd dramatik Karel \u010capek pou\u017eil term\u00edn \"robot\" ve sv\u00e9 h\u0159e \"R.U.R.\" z roku 1920. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Hra je sice sci-fi, ale roboti - mechanick\u00e9 bytosti, kter\u00e9 pln\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 \u00fakoly - formovali technologii a kulturu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Kaplanova turb\u00edna<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1913 navrhl rakousko-\u010desk\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr Viktor Kaplan Kaplanovu turb\u00ednu. Tato vodn\u00ed turb\u00edna pro vodn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny s n\u00edzkou v\u00fd\u0161kou hladiny zv\u00fd\u0161ila \u00fa\u010dinnost p\u0159em\u011bny hydraulick\u00e9 energie na elektrickou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Dvo\u0159\u00e1k Kl\u00e1vesov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1936 navrhli August Dvorak a jeho \u0161vagr William Dealey Dvorakovu zjednodu\u0161enou kl\u00e1vesnici. Dvorak je varianta kl\u00e1vesnice QWERTY, kter\u00e1 zvy\u0161uje produktivitu psan\u00ed a omezuje pohyb prst\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

7 nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010desk\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch objev\u016f <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika v uplynul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bla k celosv\u011btov\u00e9mu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed obrovsk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm informac\u00ed. \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci dos\u00e1hli pozoruhodn\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f v oblasti techniky a v\u011bdy obecn\u011b; \u017easli byste nad po\u010dtem v\u011bdeck\u00fdch prac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly v minulosti \u010cesk\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 objevy<\/strong> \u010desk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Nanovl\u00e1kna<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Technick\u00e1 univerzita v Liberci vyvinula nano pavouk<\/strong> a proces pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby polymern\u00edch nanovl\u00e1ken v roce 2003 ve spolupr\u00e1ci s libereckou spole\u010dnost\u00ed Elmarco. Na adrese 1947<\/strong>, profesor Old\u0159ich Jirs\u00e1k \u0159\u00eddil univerzitn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd t\u00fdm. V letectv\u00ed, automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu a textiln\u00edm pr\u016fmyslu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nanovl\u00e1kna, l\u00e1tky t\u0159et\u00edho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Krevn\u00ed skupiny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jan Jansk\u00fd (1873-1921) byl v\u00fdznamn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd neurolog, psychiatr a profesor na Univerzit\u011b Karlov\u011b. Univerzita Karlova v Praze<\/a>. Proslavil se v 1906 <\/strong>za objev, \u017ee lidskou krev lze rozd\u011blit do \u010dty\u0159 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch skupin na z\u00e1klad\u011b vlastnost\u00ed krevn\u00edch bun\u011bk: I, II, III a IV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Polarografie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na adrese 1924<\/strong>, fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed chemik Jaroslav Heyrovsk\u00fd (1890-1967) a jeho japonsk\u00fd student Masuzo Shikatou vyvinuli syst\u00e9m pro z\u00e1znam z\u00e1vislosti proudu na nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159i elektrick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze pomoc\u00ed kapkov\u00e9 elektrody. Polarografie m\u011b\u0159\u00ed druh a mno\u017estv\u00ed chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v roztoku, nap\u0159\u00edklad atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku, oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho ve spalin\u00e1ch a toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f ve vod\u011b. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 laborato\u0159 m\u00e1 k dispozici po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd polarograf pro biologii, farmacii a biochemii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Eliminace ne\u0161tovic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na adrese 1963<\/strong>, profesor hygieny Karel Ra\u0161ka (1909-1987) se stal \u0159editelem Odd\u011blen\u00ed pro kontrolu p\u0159enosn\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace v \u017denev\u011b a zalo\u017eil tak sou\u010dasnou \u010deskoslovenskou epidemiologickou \u0161kolu. Vynalezl monitoring nemoc\u00ed, kter\u00fd je dnes z\u00e1kladem prevence epidemi\u00ed, a pomohl vym\u00fdtit ne\u0161tovice na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. O\u010dn\u00ed kontakty a nylon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 zm\u00ednky o \u010do\u010dk\u00e1ch pro korekci o\u010dn\u00edch vad se objevily p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u011bti sty lety. Vyn\u00e1lezce makromolekul\u00e1rn\u00ed chemie, profesor Otto Wichterle (1913-1998), pou\u017e\u00edval sklen\u011bn\u00e9 a pevn\u00e9, neohebn\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 \u010do\u010dky. \u010cesk\u00fd v\u011bdec a vyn\u00e1lezce, kter\u00fd se specializoval na makromolekul\u00e1rn\u00ed organickou chemii, syntetizoval hydrofiln\u00ed gely, aby ur\u010dil materi\u00e1l pro o\u010dn\u00ed implant\u00e1ty. Jeho 150 inovac\u00ed<\/strong> zahrnuj\u00ed nylon, syntetick\u00e9 polyamidov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Um\u011bl\u00e9 n\u00e1doby<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tenk\u00e9, ohebn\u00e9 hadice nebo um\u011bl\u00e9 c\u00e9vy napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 kolagenem, kter\u00e9 jsou dnes v medic\u00edn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, p\u0159epsaly u\u010debnice c\u00e9vn\u00ed chirurgie. Vytvo\u0159il je t\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f a medik\u016f pod veden\u00edm chirurga Milana Kraj\u00ed\u010dka (1933-2016). Cel\u00fd \u017eivot se v\u011bnoval v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoji c\u00e9vn\u00ed prot\u00e9zy, za co\u017e z\u00edskal \u0159adu ocen\u011bn\u00ed a patent\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Antivirotika<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Profesor Anton\u00edn Hol\u00fd (1936-2012) pat\u0159il k nejlep\u0161\u00edm \u010desk\u00fdm fyzik\u016fm. Chemik a v\u011bdec objevil se sv\u00fdmi kolegy l\u00e9ky na ne\u0161tovice, p\u00e1sov\u00fd opar, virov\u00fd z\u00e1n\u011bt o\u010dn\u00ed sliznice a virovou hepatitidu typu B. Ve spolupr\u00e1ci s americkou farmaceutickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed Gilead Sciences se poda\u0159ilo z p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f proti HIV\/AIDS vytvo\u0159it l\u00e9ky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vliv \u010desk\u00fdch inovac\u00ed na sv\u011bt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0158ada obor\u016f m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 ko\u0159eny v p\u0159evratn\u00fdch my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch a inovac\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vznikly v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. <\/strong>Tyto str\u00e1nky slavn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 inovace<\/strong> ovlivnily sv\u011bt prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch objev\u016f, ka\u017edodenn\u00edch vymo\u017eenost\u00ed, technick\u00fdch z\u00e1zrak\u016f a technologick\u00fdch pr\u016flom\u016f. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika se prosadila sv\u00fdmi inovacemi v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1sadn\u00edch oblastech:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Zlep\u0161en\u00ed v oblasti medic\u00edny a zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Chemick\u00e9 a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 inovace<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Technick\u00fd a technologick\u00fd pokrok<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot a kulturn\u00ed dopad<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Dopad na literaturu a kulturu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Odli\u0161nost v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kdy\u017e p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edte o inovac\u00edch, slavn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy mo\u017en\u00e1 nejsou na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b va\u0161eho seznamu. P\u0159esto je to...","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":13490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,204,39],"tags":[49],"table_tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13486"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13486"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13486\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13492,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13486\/revisions\/13492"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13486"},{"taxonomy":"table_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/table_tags?post=13486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}