{"id":12570,"date":"2024-01-17T16:08:19","date_gmt":"2024-01-17T14:08:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prague.org\/?p=12570"},"modified":"2024-02-16T11:52:29","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T09:52:29","slug":"17-november-1989","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/17-kasim-1989\/","title":{"rendered":"17 Kas\u0131m 1989: \u00c7ekoslovakya Tarihinde \u00d6nemli Bir An"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu 17 Kas\u0131m 1989<\/strong>\u00c7ekoslovakya'n\u0131n tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r ve sonunda Kom\u00fcnist h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ve tamamen yeni bir d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak bir dizi olay\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r. \u00c7ekoslovakya'da 17 Kas\u0131m 1989<\/strong> halk\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve demokrasi m\u00fccadelesinin bir simgesi olarak kolektif bilince kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kadife Devrim.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de 17 Kas\u0131m 1989'un \u00f6nemini kavramak i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle bu tarihten \u00f6nceki sosyopolitik atmosfere bakmak gerekir. 1968'de \u00c7ekoslovakya'n\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, Prag Bahar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7te, \u00fclke kat\u0131 kom\u00fcnist otorite alt\u0131na girdi. Bu zul\u00fcm bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri engelledi, ele\u015ftirileri susturdu ve halk aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fu k\u00f6r\u00fckleyerek y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u00e7in yanan bir direni\u015fe yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yer 17 Kas\u0131m 1989 tarihinde Bratislava'da <\/strong>t\u00fcm \u00c7ekoslovakya'da oldu\u011fu gibi kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fimin G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri \u00c7ekoslovakya'da Kas\u0131m 1989 Bratislava'n\u0131n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Prag
Prag manzaras\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

17 Kas\u0131m 1989'da ne oldu? <\/strong>Slovakya'n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Bratislava'ya ve \u00c7ekoslovakya tarihini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ayaklanmalara kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6zel bir vurgu yaparak, bu \u00f6nemli ay boyunca ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimin tarih\u00e7esine bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alevi Ba\u015flatan K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ekoslovakya'n\u0131n silik ba\u015fkenti Bratislava, kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 isyan\u0131n merkezi haline geldi. \u00d6\u011frenci g\u00f6sterici Martin \u0160m\u00edd'in Prag'daki bir g\u00f6steride \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan Kas\u0131m 1989<\/strong>Bratislava sakinleri otoriter h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131. \u0160m\u00edd'in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Bratislava'n\u0131n gen\u00e7lerine de\u011fi\u015fim ve \u015fehirlerini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme konusunda ilham verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sokaklar Uyan\u0131yor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Aktivizm Bratislava sokaklar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Y\u00fczlerce \u00f6\u011frenci, i\u015f\u00e7i ve entelekt\u00fcel meydanlarda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, demokrasi ve kom\u00fcnizmin sona ermesi i\u00e7in \u015fark\u0131lar s\u00f6yledi. Eski ad\u0131 Adalet Saray\u0131 Meydan\u0131 olan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Meydan\u0131 tutkulu konu\u015fmalara, ate\u015fli tart\u0131\u015fmalara ve birle\u015fmi\u015f bir ulusa sahne oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birli\u011fin G\u00fcc\u00fc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kadife Devrim, birli\u011fin inan\u0131lmaz potansiyelini ortaya koydu. Mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerden k\u0131v\u0131rc\u0131k sa\u00e7l\u0131 akademisyenlere ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lara kadar herkes \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme i\u00e7in bir araya geldi. Bratislava ve Viyana aras\u0131ndaki insan zinciri Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa'n\u0131n birli\u011fini ve de\u011fi\u015fimin evrenselli\u011fini simgeliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bratislava'n\u0131n Kans\u0131z Ayaklanmas\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kadife Devrim bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bratislava vatanda\u015flar\u0131 devrimin kans\u0131z ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. \u015eiir, tiyatro ve \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermeyen oturma eylemleri, zalim rejimi protesto etmek i\u00e7in \u015fiddetin yerini ald\u0131. Bratislava'n\u0131n gelecekteki ayaklanmalara ilham vermesi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 hayrete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6n\u00fcm Noktas\u0131 17 Kas\u0131m 1989 Olaylar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130zini S\u00fcrmek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ekoslovakya'n\u0131n siyasi ikliminde, \u00fclke tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak kabul edilen 17 Kas\u0131m 1989'da dramatik bir de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fand\u0131. Gelin o g\u00fcn neler oldu\u011funa ve \u00c7ekoslovakya'da Kom\u00fcnist kontrol\u00fc sona erdiren Kadife Devrim'e nas\u0131l zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bask\u0131n\u0131n Arka Plan\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gust\u00e1v Hus\u00e1k'\u0131n Kom\u00fcnist h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7ekoslovakya \u00fclkesi<\/a>siyasi bask\u0131, sans\u00fcr ve k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 sivil \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck, merkezi kontrol alt\u0131nda bir ekonomi ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ideolojik uygunluk uygulayarak g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc korudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17 Kas\u0131m Ayaklanmas\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bu 17 Kas\u0131m 1989 <\/strong>ayaklanma Prag'daki bir \u00f6\u011frenci protestosu s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6steriye y\u00f6nelik vah\u015fi polis sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 halk\u0131n \u00f6fkesini k\u00f6r\u00fckledi ve Bratislava da dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm \u00fclkeye h\u0131zla yay\u0131lan bir huzursuzluk dalgas\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015fledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bratislava'n\u0131n Yan\u0131t\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Slovakya'n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Bratislava'da ya\u015fayan vatanda\u015flar eyalet \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fim talebine yan\u0131t verdi. Bratislava \u015fehri, tek parti y\u00f6netiminin sona erdirilmesi ve demokrasinin getirilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan kitlesel g\u00f6sterilere sahne oldu. Kentin meydanlar\u0131 ve simge yap\u0131lar\u0131, y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren Kom\u00fcnist zulme kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fckselen halk\u0131n kolektif sesini yans\u0131t\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bratislava'da Sivil Forumun Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Muhalifler ve akademisyenlerden olu\u015fan Sivil Forum, Bratislava g\u00f6sterileri s\u0131ras\u0131nda reform i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bratislava'daki Sivil Forum, siyasi reform, serbest se\u00e7imler ve Kom\u00fcnist h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sona erdirilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen muhalif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler i\u00e7in bir mekan haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00d6tesinde Dayan\u0131\u015fma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bratislava, hem Slovakya i\u00e7inde hem de Slovaklar ve \u00c7ekler aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi birli\u011fi te\u015fvik etti. Kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen ortak \u00e7aba iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f ve 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7ekoslovakya'n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist H\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u0130stifas\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netim Bratislava'daki g\u00f6stericilerin bask\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki protestolar nedeniyle istifa etti. Yayg\u0131n muhalefetin ortas\u0131nda, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Gust\u00e1v Hus\u00e1k da dahil olmak \u00fczere kabine Aral\u0131k 1989 ba\u015f\u0131nda istifa ederek siyasi manzarada \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131n\u0131n sinyalini verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e1clav Havel'in Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e1clav Havel, Kom\u00fcnist h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan 29 Aral\u0131k 1989 tarihinde cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu. Bu tarihi olay Kadife Devrim'in zaferi ve \u00c7ekoslovakya'da demokratik bir d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kadife Devrim'den 17 Kas\u0131m 1989'a uzanan bir ayl\u0131k d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ke\u015ffedin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bu 17 Kas\u0131m 1989 Kadife Devrim <\/strong>\u00fclkeyi ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Bu devrimci an\u0131n, Kom\u00fcnist diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde siyasi, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkileri oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasi de\u011fi\u015fim ve demokratikle\u015fme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bu en belirgin ve somut sonu\u00e7tu. Kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netim istifa ettikten ve yeni bir sistem kurulduktan sonra demokrasi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca Kadife Ayaklanma, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve adil se\u00e7imler gibi demokratik kurumlar\u0131 tesis ederek y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren otoriter y\u00f6netimi sona erdirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sivil Toplum ve Aktivizmin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sivil Forum otoriteye kar\u015f\u0131 isyan\u0131 simgeliyordu. Hareket, birle\u015fmi\u015f bir sivil toplumun nas\u0131l siyasi reform talep edebilece\u011fini ve bask\u0131yla m\u00fccadele edebilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca, Kadife Devrim vatanda\u015flara \u00fclkelerinin gelece\u011finde s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Sivil kat\u0131l\u0131m ve sivil hizmet ulusal de\u011ferler haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eiddetsiz Direni\u015f Sembol\u00fc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kadife Devrim'in \u015fiddetsizlik y\u00f6ntemi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda otoriter rejimlere kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fe ilham verdi. Bu y\u00f6ntem, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve insan haklar\u0131 devrimlerine ilham verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve Entelekt\u00fcel R\u00f6nesans<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan sonra sanat ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce geli\u015fti. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc edebi eserlerde, sanatta ve medyada yeniden do\u011fu\u015fu te\u015fvik ederek \u00fclkenin canl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sergiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entelekt\u00fcel Liderlik: Muhalif oyun yazar\u0131 lider V\u00e1clav Havel, Kadife Devrim'in entelekt\u00fcel liderli\u011fini simgeliyordu. Entelekt\u00fceller devrim sonras\u0131 toplumu \u015fekillendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonominin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve modernle\u015ftirilmesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Devrimden sonra piyasa odakl\u0131 ekonomik reformlar hayata ge\u00e7irildi. S\u0131k\u0131 kontroll\u00fc bir sistemden piyasa odakl\u0131 bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7en \u00c7ekoslovakya b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve modernle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ekoslovakya'da 17 Kas\u0131m 1989'u Hat\u0131rlamak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bu 17 Kas\u0131m 1989<\/strong>dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, insan ruhunun azminin ve e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in inat\u00e7\u0131 aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n canl\u0131 bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7e ve zengin \u00c7ek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/a> ve Slovakya, bu de\u011fi\u015fim ay\u0131nda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti ve Slovakya olarak \u015fekillendi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarihi g\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlarken, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7in cesurca m\u00fccadele edenlerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fedakarl\u0131klar\u0131 onurland\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z; onlar bize o g\u00fcn yak\u0131lan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ate\u015fini kendi hayatlar\u0131m\u0131zda ve \u00e7evremizdekilerin hayatlar\u0131nda canl\u0131 tutmam\u0131z i\u00e7in ilham verdiler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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