{"id":13477,"date":"2024-05-29T09:15:13","date_gmt":"2024-05-29T07:15:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prague.org\/?p=13477"},"modified":"2024-05-29T09:15:17","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T07:15:17","slug":"the-battle-of-white-mountain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/beyaz-dag-savasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131: Avrupa Tarihinde \u00d6nemli Bir An"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>Bu sava\u015f, 8 Kas\u0131m 1620 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f ve 1618'den 1648'e kadar Avrupa'y\u0131 harap eden korkun\u00e7 ve uzun s\u00fcreli bir sava\u015f olan Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131'n\u0131n ilk a\u015famalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir an olmu\u015ftur. Bu belirleyici sava\u015f, Bohemya'n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Avrupa'n\u0131n dini ve siyasi ikliminin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Sava\u015f\u0131n b\u00f6lge ve t\u00fcm k\u0131ta i\u00e7in geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmu\u015f ve Katoliklerin Protestanlara kar\u015f\u0131 zaferiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131,<\/strong> Prag'\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen karla kapl\u0131 yama\u00e7lara verilen isim, Avrupa'n\u0131n dini ve siyasi manzaras\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Katoliklerin zaferi Habsburg'un Bohemya \u00fczerindeki otoritesini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken, kar\u015f\u0131 reformun Avrupa'da k\u00f6k salmas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O me\u015fum g\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekte neler ya\u015fand\u0131? Say\u0131ca ve silah\u00e7a \u00fcst\u00fcn bir Katolik ordusu Protestanlar\u0131 nas\u0131l bu kadar kararl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde alt etti? Habsburg komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de General Tilly'nin, sava\u015f\u0131n her ad\u0131m\u0131nda rakiplerine nas\u0131l \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve onlar\u0131 nas\u0131l yendi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in okumaya devam edin Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyaz Da\u011f sava\u015f\u0131na giri\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

17'nci y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa's\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran dini ve siyasi gerilimler Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Avrupa devletlerinden olu\u015fan bir konfederasyon olan Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n merkezinde yer al\u0131yordu. Augsburg Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 (1555) hassas bir denge kurarak, her bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdara \u00fclkesinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Katolik mi yoksa Lutherci mi olaca\u011f\u0131na karar verme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131. Bu d\u00fczenleme, Kalvinizmin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ya da Katolik ve Protestan gruplar aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6kl\u00fc anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ele almad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bohemya aristokrasisinin sad\u0131k Protestan m\u00fclkleri, Bohemya'y\u0131 yeniden canland\u0131rmak isteyen bir Katolik olan Kral Ferdinand II'yi reddetti\u011fi i\u00e7in Bohemya'da ek\u015fi bir kriz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Prag'da Katolik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/a>. May\u0131s 1618'de Bohemya Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n fitilini ate\u015fleyen olay, Protestan y\u00f6neticilerin Ferdinand'\u0131n Katolik liderlerinden ikisini pencereden att\u0131\u011f\u0131 Prag Defenestrasyonu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ferdinand'\u0131 tahttan indiren isyanc\u0131lar, protestan olan Pfalzl\u0131 V. Frederick'i krallar\u0131 olarak se\u00e7tiler. Bu isyan, Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 olarak bilinen daha b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyaz Da\u011f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri ve ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bu Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> on y\u0131llar s\u00fcren dini ve siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Protestan Reformu, Roma Kutsal \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve hemen ard\u0131ndan Prag'\u0131n Tahliyesi<\/a> hepsi Bohemya isyan\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in komplo kurdu. Katolik birli\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferiyle sonu\u00e7lanan bu m\u00fccadele, daha sonraki sava\u015flar i\u00e7in zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 ile Avrupa'n\u0131n kaderi \u00fczerinde geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131'n\u0131n nedenlerine ve olu\u015fumuna k\u0131sa bir bak\u0131\u015f Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyaz Da\u011f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dini \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve reformlar:<\/strong> Martin Luther'in 1517'deki protestan reformu Avrupa'daki dini protestan gruplara b\u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siyasi huzursuzluk ve g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadeleleri:<\/strong> \u0130mparatorluk, imparator ve prensler aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenli g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelelerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk devletlerden olu\u015fuyordu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halefiyet krizi: <\/strong>\u0130mparator Matthias (1619) \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra, bir Katolik olan Ferdinand II, imparatorlu\u011fu yeniden Katolikle\u015ftirmek ve protestan lordlar\u0131 k\u0131zd\u0131rarak g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in se\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prag Defenestrasyonu (1618): <\/strong>Ferdinand'\u0131n dini k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na \u00f6fkelenen protestan soylular, iki Katolik yetkiliyi pencereden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atarak Bohemya \u0130syan\u0131'n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protestan Birli\u011fi olu\u015fumu:<\/strong> Protestan soylular Ferdinand'\u0131 devirdi ve di\u011fer Protestan uluslardan ve yabanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerden destek arayarak Kalvinist Pfalzl\u0131 V. Frederick'i Bohemya kral\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri seferberlik:<\/strong> Katolik birli\u011fi, Bavyeral\u0131 I. Maximilian ve General Tilly y\u00f6netimindeki II. Ferdinand'\u0131 destekleyerek Katolik askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mart'tan Prag'a:<\/strong> Ekim 1620'de Katolik birli\u011finin ordusu Bohemya isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Prag'a y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve Beyaz Da\u011f'da bulu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131 8.11.1620<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti'nin ba\u015fkenti Prag'\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Beyaz Da\u011f'da iki birlik sava\u015ft\u0131. 8 11<\/strong>, 1920. Reformasyondan ilham alan protestanlar dini \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in ve Katolik tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131. Ancak, ac\u0131mas\u0131z General Tilly liderli\u011findeki Katolik askerler, protestan ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeye ve Katolik egemenli\u011fini yeniden tesis etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki taraf da kazanma umuduyla t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7lerini bu \u015fiddetli \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7ine att\u0131lar. Kont Tilly'nin iyi disiplinli adamlar\u0131, say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn olan Protestanlar\u0131 h\u0131zla yendi. V. Frederick'in birlikleri \u00e7ok \u00e7abalasa da Katolik \u0130mparatorluk birlikleri \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu protestan<\/a> Katolikler kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dava y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frad\u0131. Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>. V. Frederick s\u00fcrg\u00fcne gitti ve Bohemya isyan\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131zca bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 otuz y\u0131l daha devam ederken, Beyaz Da\u011f'daki yenilgi t\u00fcm Avrupa'da uzun ve zorlu bir Katolik dirili\u015fini ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131'n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bohemya, Orta Avrupa ve Kutsal Roma Cermen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun hepsi de bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten derinden ve geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 olarak etkilendi. Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong>Bu olay 8 Kas\u0131m 1620 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bunlar ana sonu\u00e7lard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayaklanman\u0131n sonu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bohemya isyan\u0131 Beyaz Da\u011f'daki ma\u011flubiyetle sona erdi. Katolik ordular\u0131n\u0131n Prag'\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinin ard\u0131ndan V. Frederick s\u00fcrg\u00fcne gitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bask\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bohemyal\u0131 protestanlar, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmelerini emreden, \u00fclkeden s\u00fcrg\u00fcn eden ve mallar\u0131na el koyan Ferdinand II taraf\u0131ndan sert bir zulme maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bohemya'da yeniden Katolikle\u015ftirme halka dayat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzun vadedeki etkiler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131'n\u0131n daha geni\u015f y\u00f6r\u00fcngesini etkileyen ve Orta Avrupa'n\u0131n siyasi ve teolojik zeminini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren Beyaz Da\u011f zaferi, Ferdinand II'nin egemenli\u011fini ve Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7indeki Katolik duru\u015funu sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyaz Da\u011f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n miras\u0131 ve an\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bu Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> korkun\u00e7 ve \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir Avrupa olay\u0131yd\u0131. Erken modern d\u00f6nemdeki dini ve siyasi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n ne kadar de\u011fi\u015fken ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma \u00c7ek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonu ve Habsburg egemenli\u011finin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An\u0131tlar, an\u0131tlar ve e\u011fitim giri\u015fimleri m\u00fccadeleyi anmaktad\u0131r. Tarihsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetler, kamuoyunun sava\u015f\u0131n miras\u0131 \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesini te\u015fvik etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyaz Da\u011f, Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131'ndaki yerel ve k\u0131tasal m\u00fccadelelerin ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonu Bohemya'y\u0131 ve Avrupa'n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesini etkiledi. \u0130ttifaklar\u0131n ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan oldu\u011funu ve askeri sava\u015flar\u0131n TAR\u0130H<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Beyaz Da\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131, 8 Kas\u0131m 1620'de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f ve sava\u015f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli anlar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur.","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":13479,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,15,204,39],"tags":[49],"table_tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13477"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13477"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13477\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13481,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13477\/revisions\/13481"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13479"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13477"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13477"},{"taxonomy":"table_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/table_tags?post=13477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}