{"id":13897,"date":"2024-10-02T18:31:19","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T16:31:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prague.org\/?p=13897"},"modified":"2024-10-04T18:31:53","modified_gmt":"2024-10-04T16:31:53","slug":"charles-iv-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor\/","title":{"rendered":"Joseph II, Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru: Reformcu ve Avusturya H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1741-1790) 1765'ten \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131yd\u0131. Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli fig\u00fcrlerinden biriydi ve Habsburg hanedan\u0131n\u0131n en h\u0131rsl\u0131 reformistleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcren iktidar\u0131na ra\u011fmen,<\/span><b> Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avusturya ve t\u00fcm Avrupa \u00fczerinde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakarak cesur bir reformist ve vizyoner bir lider olarak \u00fcn kazand\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparatori\u00e7e Maria Theresa'n\u0131n ilk o\u011flu olarak, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparator Joseph II<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Avusturya'y\u0131 1765-1780 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda annesiyle birlikte y\u00f6nettikten sonra 1790 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar tek ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6netti. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, devleti modernle\u015ftirmek, otoriteyi sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve Ayd\u0131nlanma ilkelerini ilerletmek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f reformlarla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph'in en \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri Avusturya'da din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tesis edilmesidir. Avrupa'da din konusunda yayg\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, <\/span><b>Joseph II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1781'de Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc Ferman\u0131'n\u0131 yay\u0131nlayarak inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ne olursa olsun t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flara din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131d\u0131. Bu eylem o noktada sadece yenilik\u00e7i olmakla kalm\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00f6lgenin uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden Katolik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fimi de temsil ediyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"who-was-joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru 2. Joseph Kimdi?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mmc.kdl.kcl.ac.uk\/entities\/person\/joseph-ii\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><b>Avusturya \u0130mparatoru Joseph II<\/b> <\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ilk o\u011fluydu. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Theresa\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparatori\u00e7e Maria Theresa<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ve <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparator I. Francis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Babas\u0131 1765 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc ve o y\u0131l tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Y\u00f6netiminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren, <\/span><b>Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">iddial\u0131 bir reform g\u00fcndemi ba\u015flatarak Habsburg Monar\u015fisini iyile\u015ftirmeyi ve merkezile\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph'in saltanat\u0131n\u0131n en dikkate de\u011fer \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, din ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcne olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. 1781 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Habsburg topraklar\u0131ndaki Protestanlara ve Yahudilere din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131yan Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc Ferman\u0131'n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, daha iyi i\u015fleyen ve merkezi bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir dizi idari de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koyarak monar\u015finin y\u00f6netimini d\u00fczene sokmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reformlar <\/span><b>Avusturya \u0130mparatoru Joseph II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reformlar dini ve idari konular\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti. Ayr\u0131ca tebaas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7abalad\u0131, 1781'de serfli\u011fe son verdi ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe fayda sa\u011flayacak \u00f6nlemler ald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Habsburg topraklar\u0131nda yeni okullar ve tiyatrolar a\u00e7arak e\u011fitim ve sanat\u0131 te\u015fvik etti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Niyeti asil olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen,<\/span><b> Joseph II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reformlar\u0131n\u0131 geleneksel ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir tehlike olarak g\u00f6ren y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f ve kilisenin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc muhalefetiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. K\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikler uygulama giri\u015fimleri s\u0131k s\u0131k direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve imparatorluk genelinde karga\u015fa ve isyana neden oldu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Joseph II Belgeseli - Joseph II&#039;nin hayat\u0131n\u0131n biyografisi\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/N5jNnP6dghU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"the-reforms-of-emperor-joseph-ii\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparator Joseph II'nin Reformlar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/yivoencyclopedia.org\/article.aspx\/Josephinian_Reforms\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reformlar<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Habsburg Monar\u015fisi'ni ve daha geni\u015f anlamda Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nu modernle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu, <\/span><b>Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1741-1790) 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en ilerici krallar\u0131 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Politikalar\u0131, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sosyal adalet, dini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve rasyonel y\u00f6netim ilkeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u015fekillendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"emperor-joseph-ii-reforms\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparator Joseph II reformlar\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130yi niyetli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, reformlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu muhalefetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve sonunda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu. Bunlar aras\u0131nda \u015funlar da vard\u0131:<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"administrative-reforms\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130dari reformlar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun idari yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek ve merkezile\u015ftirmek Joseph II'nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedefleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu idari de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapmaktaki amac\u0131, merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmete daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 verirken soylulara daha az g\u00fc\u00e7 vermekti. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun mali g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in,<\/span><b> Joseph II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> serfli\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yeni toprak reformlar\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere ekonomide reformlar ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"religious-reforms\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dini reformlar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun dini \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de Avrupa Birli\u011fi'nin \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer hedefiydi. <\/span><b>Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru Joseph II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> idari reformlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra modernle\u015fmeye de \u00f6nem verdi. 1781'de Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc Ferman\u0131'n\u0131 yay\u0131nlayarak Katolik Kilisesi'nin etkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlamay\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Protestanlara ve Yahudilere dini \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck vermeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131. Joseph'in Kilise'nin toplumsal etkisini azaltmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir di\u011fer \u00f6nlem de manast\u0131r ve manast\u0131r gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da dini kurulu\u015fu feshetmek oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"social-reforms\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sosyal reformlar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ayr\u0131ca, Joseph II sosyal reformda erken bir liderdi, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam standard\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek ve t\u00fcm insanlar i\u00e7in e\u015fitli\u011fi ilerletmek i\u00e7in politikalar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu. Okullar i\u00e7in yeni politikalar olu\u015fturdu, hastaneler ve yetimhaneler in\u015fa etti ve yoksullu\u011fu azaltarak yoksullar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ad\u0131mlar att\u0131. Sosyal reformlar\u0131yla, <\/span><b>Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">herkesin potansiyelinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilece\u011fi daha e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir toplum in\u015fa etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-results-of-joseph-iis-new-policies\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph'in yeni politikalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avusturya ve daha geni\u015f anlamda Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu <\/span><b>Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru Joseph II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bir\u00e7o\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da:<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"stubborn-opposition\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130nat\u00e7\u0131 muhalefet\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yerel elitler, Katolik Kilisesi ve ba\u015fta Avusturya Hollanda's\u0131 ve Macaristan olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkedeki y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f onun reformlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok diren\u00e7liydi. Joseph'in 1790'daki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli politika de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri veya geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler meydana geldi.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"long-term-legacy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uzun vadeli miras<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fimin ge\u00e7ici olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, dini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131 ve serfli\u011fin sona ermesi gibi baz\u0131lar\u0131 toplum \u00fczerinde silinmez bir iz b\u0131rakt\u0131. Avrupa genelinde Ayd\u0131nlanma tarz\u0131 y\u00f6netime ilham veren modernle\u015fme giri\u015fimleri, Habsburg Monar\u015fisi i\u00e7inde daha fazla reformun \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"joseph-ii-and-his-relationship-with-mozart\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph ve Mozart ile \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><b>\u0130mparator Joseph II ve Mozart<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bestecinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren yak\u0131n ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir ili\u015fkiye sahipti. Joseph m\u00fczi\u011fe olan sevgisi ve sanata verdi\u011fi destekle tan\u0131n\u0131yordu ve bu destek sayesinde <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/pragdaki%cc%87-i%cc%87nsanlar\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mozart<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ve en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f eserlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 besteledi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mozart'\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayran\u0131yd\u0131 ve onu saray\u0131na faydal\u0131 bir katk\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Mozart'\u0131 Viyana'da a\u011f\u0131rlad\u0131 ve Mozart zaman\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu imparator ve saray\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcreterek ve \u00e7alarak ge\u00e7irdi. Joseph'in deste\u011fi ve te\u015fviki Mozart'\u0131n \u00fcn kazanmas\u0131na ve \"Figaro'nun D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\" operas\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler almas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki<\/span><b> \u0130mparator Joseph II ve Mozart<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sadece profesyonel de\u011fildi; iki adam aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sayg\u0131 ve dostluk vard\u0131. Mozart ayr\u0131ca imparator i\u00e7in aralar\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc \"Ta\u00e7 Giyme\" Ayini'nin de bulundu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok m\u00fczik par\u00e7as\u0131 bestelemi\u015ftir. Dostluklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 m\u00fczik sevgisi ve Avusturya'da sanat\u0131 te\u015fvik etme arzusu \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Filmde \"<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amadeus_(film)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amadeus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph \u00e7eli\u015fkili bir ki\u015filik olarak sunulur: bir yandan tutkulu bir sanat a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Mozart hayran\u0131d\u0131r; di\u011fer yandan ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n fikirlerinden kolayca etkilenen bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak g\u00f6sterilir. Buna ra\u011fmen, Joseph II'nin Mozart'\u0131n kariyeri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etkisi oldu\u011fu ve ona ba\u015far\u0131 i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 verdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"beethovens-cantata-on-the-death-of-emperor-joseph-ii\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beethoven'\u0131n \"\u0130mparator Joseph II'nin \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00dczerine Kantat\"<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1790'da, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/klasik-muzik-rehberi-prag\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ludwig van Beethoven<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> yazd\u0131\"<\/span><b>\u0130mparator Joseph II'nin \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00dczerine Kantat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\" (WoO 87) adl\u0131 kantat\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn an\u0131s\u0131na bestelemi\u015ftir. Beethoven bu kantat\u0131 19 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Joseph'in ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f y\u00f6netimini ve reformlar\u0131n\u0131 onurland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Beethoven bu eseri hi\u00e7 seslendirmemi\u015ftir, ancak duygusal derinli\u011fi ve daha sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n habercisi olmas\u0131yla bilinmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cantata_on_the_Death_of_Emperor_Joseph_II\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beethoven'\u0131n kantat\u0131<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hem imparatorun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden duydu\u011fu \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc hem de devrimci reformlar\u0131na duydu\u011fu co\u015fkuyu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir duygusall\u0131kla ifade eder. Joseph'in takip\u00e7ileri onu kahraman ve asil olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve m\u00fczi\u011fin dramatik orkestrasyonu ve vokal hatlar\u0131 Avusturya halk\u0131n\u0131n ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve trajedisini aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kantat\u0131n m\u00fczikal m\u00fckemmelli\u011fi, tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nemi onu \u00f6nemli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu eser, halk\u0131n <\/span><b>Joseph II Kutsal <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/zengin-prag-tarihini-kesfet\/\"><b>Roma \u0130mparatoru<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ve Avusturya medeniyetine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6nemsenmeyen eser, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Beethoven'\u0131n m\u00fczi\u011fi siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel konularla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirme becerisinin erken bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"joseph-ii-marie-antoinette-and-the-habsburg-family\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph, Marie Antoinette ve Habsburg Ailesi<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Habsburg hanedan\u0131 \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu<\/span><b> \u0130mparator Joseph II ve Marie Antoinette<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fransa Krali\u00e7esi. \u0130li\u015fkileri, planl\u0131 evlilikler yoluyla Habsburg n\u00fcfuzunu elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan anneleri \u0130mparatori\u00e7e Maria Theresa'ya ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Yak\u0131nd\u0131lar, ancak Joseph'in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle de 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Avrupa alt\u00fcst olurken, siyasi ili\u015fkileri karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph II ve <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie_Antoinette\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marie Antoinette<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hayatlar\u0131 boyunca yak\u0131n oldular. Ya\u015f\u00e7a daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan Joseph, 1770 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avusturya-Fransa ittifak\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda Fransa Kral\u0131 16. Louis ile evlenen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z karde\u015fini korudu ve ona tavsiyelerde bulundu. Joseph, sevgi dolu yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Marie Antoinette'e s\u0131k s\u0131k siyasi tavsiyelerde bulunurdu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph, Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru olarak Habsburg Monar\u015fisini reforme etmeye ve modernle\u015ftirmeye odakland\u0131. \u0130ktidar\u0131 merkezile\u015ftirmek, dini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcy\u00fc te\u015fvik etmek ve serfli\u011fi kald\u0131rmak onun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n karakteristik \u00f6zellikleriydi. Frans\u0131z Devrimi Avrupa'n\u0131n siyasi manzaras\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi, bu nedenle Marie Antoinette ile olan ili\u015fkisinin siyasi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1789'daki Frans\u0131z Devrimi monar\u015fiyi istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve Marie Antoinette'i yak\u0131n mercek alt\u0131na ald\u0131. <\/span><b>Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1790'da Devrim'in t\u00fcm etkilerinden \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fc ve k\u0131z karde\u015fini \u00e7alkant\u0131lara ve 1793'te idam edilmesine katlanmak zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"the-legacy-of-emperor-joseph-ii-in-austria\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparator Joseph II'nin Avusturya'daki Miras\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>\u0130mparator Joseph II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1741-1790) Habsburg Monar\u015fisi'nin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan biri ve Avrupa'da Ayd\u0131nlanma ilkelerinin \u00f6nemli bir savunucusu olarak bilinir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130mparator Joseph'in Avusturya'daki miras\u0131, dini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc, serfli\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve otoritenin merkezile\u015ftirilmesi yoluyla devleti modernle\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131yla tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddial\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler muhalefetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fsa da, Avusturya'n\u0131n sosyal, yasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fimi \u00fczerinde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yaratt\u0131. <\/span><b>Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte ve Avusturya'n\u0131n modern kurumlar\u0131nda ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde onun etkisi hala hissedilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6rsel kredileri: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=4892099\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Anton von Maron taraf\u0131ndan - Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Bilddatenbank.<\/a><\/p>\n<div data-gyg-href=\"https:\/\/widget.getyourguide.com\/default\/city.frame\" data-gyg-location-id=\"10\" data-gyg-locale-code=\"en-US\" data-gyg-widget=\"city\" data-gyg-partner-id=\"U94OQGQ\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Joseph II Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru (1741-1790), 1765'ten \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131yd\u0131...","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":13899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204,39],"tags":[30],"class_list":["post-13897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-blog","category-culture","tag-sight","cs-entry","cs-video-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13897"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13897\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13902,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13897\/revisions\/13902"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prague.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}